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The following excellent article is Copyright, Bernard Windham. For more
info please visit: http://www.home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/
Mercury Exposure
Article
Dental Mercury Toxicity and Health effects Bibliography
by Bernard Windham
I. Toxicity and Health Effects of Mercury 904-878-9024
II. Systemic Mercury Intake Levels from Amalgam Filling Exposure
III. Medical Studies Finding Health Problems Related to Amalgam
Fillings
IV. Health Effects from Dental Staff Exposure to Mercury
V. Documented Results of Removal of Amalgam Fillings
VI. Scientific Panel and Government Bodies That Have Found Amalgam
Fillings Unsafe
I. Toxicity and Health Effects of Mercury
1. Dental amalgam contains about 50 % mercury. The average filling has
1 gram mercury and leaks mercury vapor continuously, resulting in
significant xposure(see Section II). Mercury vapor is transmitted
rapidly thoughout he body and like methyl mercury has significant toxic
effects at much Ilower levels than other inorganic mercury
forms(38,265,281,287). According to he U.S. EPA & ATSDR, mercury is
among the top 3 toxic substances adversely ffecting large numbers of
people(217), and amalgam is the number one source f exposure for most
people.
2. Mercury is the most toxic of the toxic metals. Mercury (vapor) is:
(b) neurotoxic(accumulates in the brain, damages brain cells and nerve
cells, and inhibits production of neurotransmitters by inhibiting
dihydroteridine reductase and effect on phenylalanine, tyrosine and
tryptophan transport to neurons)
(27,34,69,70,85,111,147,148,160,162,181,207,255,257,258,262,288,290)
immunotoxic(damages and weakens the immune system)
(27,34,35,38,42,43,44, 45,46,60,
77,78,105,117,127,128,146,155,160,199,226,270,301) and induces ANA
anitbodies and autoimmune disease(38,45,91,234,269,270).
(c) nephrotoxic(toxic to kidneys) (14,59,111,157,203,211,223,260,268)
(d) endocrine system-disrupting chemical(affects pituitary gland and
disrupts enzyme production processes and hormonal function at very low
levels) (85,105,107,113,140,141,146,149,199,210)
(e) penetrates the blood-brain barrier rapidly resulting in damage to
brain and impairment of blood-brain barrier reletive to other toxic
chemicials (& reduced amino acid uptake to brain)
(38,85,113,146,162,262)
(f) exposure to mercury vapor or methyl mercury causes rapid transmital
through the placenta to the fetus, and much more exposure and damage to
fetus than for maternal exposure to inorganic
mercury(265,281,287,38,61).
(g) reproductive and developmental toxin; damages DNA and inhibits DNA
& RNA synthesis;damages spermatozoa, lowers sperm counts and
reduces motility; causes menstrual disturbances; reduces bloods ability
to transport oxygen to fetus and transport of essential nutrients
including magnesium, zinc and Vit B12; depresses eenzyme isocitric
dehydrogenase(ICD) in fetus, causes reduced iodine uptake &
hypothyroidism & learning deficits, causes learning disabilities
and impairment, and reduction in IQ (2,3,4,20,22,23,24,31,37,38,39,
41,49,61,105,146,149,160,199,255,259,263,
264,271,272,274,275,276,279,281,305) .
(h)prenatal/early postnatal exposure affects level of nerve growth
factor in the brain and causes imbalances in development of
brain(38,61,175,255,305)
(i) causes cardiovascular damage and disease including damage to
vascular endothelial cells, damage to sarcoplasmic reticulu,
sarcolemma, and contractile proteins, increased white cell count,
decreased oxyhemoglobin level,and increased risk of acute myocardial
infarction (35,201,202,205,232,306) .
(j) causes immune system damage resulting in allergies, asthma, and
multiple sensitivities (228,230,199a) and neurtophil functional
impairment
(k) causes interruption of the cytochrome oxidase system/ATP energy
function and progressive coproporphyrinuria, resulting in low energy,
digestive problems, and porphyrins in urine (34,210,232,260)
(l)inhibits nitric oxide synthase in brain and other locations{259).
(m) mercury causes significant destruction of stomach epithelial cells,
resulting in damage to stomach lining(leaky gut) and accumulation of
heliobacter pylori, a suspected major factor in stomach ulcers and
stomach cancer(256) .
3. Mercury (especially mercury vapor) rapidly crosses the blood brain
barrier nd is selectively stored in the pituitary gland of the brain.
(34,38,85,113,146,162,262,265,281) The pituitary gland controls the
body's :endocrine system and secretes hormones that control most bodily
processes, lincluding the immune system and reproductive systems(146).
4. Mercury's biochemical damage at the cellular level include DNA
damage, linhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis, alteration of protein
structure, ~lteration of the transport of calcium, induction of free
radical formation, linhibition of glutathione peroxidase enzyme,
endothelial cell damage, and limmune system damage{4,34,38,301,etc.)
Only a few micrograms of mercury Iseverely disturb cellular function
and inhibit nerve growth(181,61). Much ercury in saliva and the brain
is also organic, the most toxic form{220).
5. Hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland that control bodily
processes re at extremely low levels and extremely low levels of
mercury are required 0 adversely affect hormonal secretions of the
pituitary gland. Hormonal Isecretions affected at levels much lower
than acute toxicity effects normally ested for(105,146,199).
6. Because of the extreme toxicity of mercury, only « gram is
required
to icontaminate a 10 acre lake to the extent that a health warning
would be issued y the government to not eat the fish(151,160). Over
half the rivers and Ilakes in Florida have such health warnings(160).
7. Some Florida panthers that eat birds and animals that eat fish
containing ery low levels of mercury{about 1 part per million) have
died from chronic .ercury poisoning(160). Since mercury is an
estrogenic chemical and Ireproductive toxin, the majority of the rest
cannot reproduce. The average male Florida panther has higher estrogen
levels than females, due to the :estrogenic properties of
mercury(105,160). Similar is true of some other nimals at the top of
the food chain like alligators. The level of mercury in eople with
amalgam fillings causes a body burden of mercury much higher than Ithey
could get from eating contaminated fish from Florida waters with
overnment health warnings. (WHO,183 & Health Canada, 217)
8. In addition to having estrogenic effects, mercury has other
documented ormonal effects including effects on the reproductive system
resulting in lowered sperm counts, defective sperm cells, and lowered
testosterone levels in malesj menstrual disturbances and infertility in
womenj and increased eurological problems related to lowered levels of
neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and noreprenephrine
(4,38,105,107,140,141,275,276,288,290).
9. An average amalgam filling contains over « gram of mercury,
and the
average ladult had at least 5 grams of mercury in fillings {unless most
has vaporized). IMercury in solid form is not stable and vaporizes
continuously, so that within 110 years up to half has been found to
have been transferred to the and body of the host (34, 35, 182).
10. Most persons with amalgam fillings receive an average daily
exposure of ercury exceeding EPA and other government agency exposure
guideline and above the level documented by govern studies to cause
serious health damage (261,183,209,2,217). Elemental mercury vapor is
more rapidly transmitted Ithroughout the body than most other forms of
mercury and has more toxic leffects on the CNS and other parts of the
body according to the World Health :Organization and other
studies(38,183,265,282,287). Mercury vapor rapidly Icrosses the
blood-brain barrier, and placenta of pregnant women (38,85,113,
1146,162,231,262,265,281,287,304,etc) Developmental learning and
behavioral leffects have been found from mercury vapor at much lower
levels than for iexposure to methyl mercury (287) .
11. Running shoes with « gram of mercury in the heels were banned
by
several states, because the amount of mercury was considered dangerous
to public ealth and created a serious disposal problem. Mercury from
dental offices land human waste from people with amalgam fillings has
much higher levels and lis a major source of mercury in Florida waters.
One study found dental offices ischarge into waste ater between 65 and
842 milligrams per dentist per day(231), amounting to several hundred
grams per year per ffice. This is in addition to air emissions.
II. Systemic Mercury Intake Level from Amalgam Fillings
1. Mercury in solid form is not stable and evaporates continuously from
malgam fillings in the mouth, being transferred over a period of time
to the ost(18,83,211,182,183,217,298,299,303,etc.). The daily exposure
of mercury If rom fillings is from 3 to 70 micrograms per day, with the
average being above 110 micrograms per day(183,199,209,18,83,77, etc.
below) This level of daily lexposure for most who have fillings exceeds
the U.S. EPA mercury exposure .ealth guideline and that of other
agencies(2,261,209,217,183).
As much as 50% of mercury in fillings has been found to have vaporized
lafter 5 years and 80% by 20 years(182,204). Mercury vapor from amalgam
is Ithe single largest source of systemic mercury intake for persons
with amalgam Ifillings, ranging from 50 to 90 % of total exposure.
(16,17,19,57,78-82,94, 1111,126,129,130,138,161,183,191,211,216,303).
Amalgam also releases Isignificant amounts of tin and copper which also
have toxic effects, with iorganic tin compounds formed in the body
being even more neurotoxic than lercury (185,222) Studies have
consistently found modern high copper non gamma-two amalgams .ave
greater release of mercury vapor than conventional silver amalgams
(298,299). While the non gamma-two amalgams were developed to be less
icorrosive and less prone to marginal fractures than conventional
silver lamalgamS, they have been found to be instable in a different
mechinism when subjected to wear/polishing/chewing/brushing: they form
droplets of mercury on It he surface of the amalgams(182,297). This has
been found to be a factor in Ithe much higher release of mercury vapor
by the modern non gamma-two amalgams. .ecent studies have concluded
that because the the high mercury release levels lof modern amalgams,
mercury poisoning from amalgam fillings is widespread Ithroughout the
population" (199). Numerous other studies also support this If inding .
2. Mercury vapor is absorbed at a rate of 80% through the lungs into
the arterial blood and is also absorbed my oral mucosa. (18,31,40)
(77,79,83,84,94,133,209,211,216,222) Elemental mercury vapor is
transmitted throughout the body via the blood and readily enters cells
and crosses the blood-brain barrier and placenta of pregnant women
(38,262,265,287), at much higher levels than inorganic mercury
compounds.
3. On average for a person having amalgam fillings, vapor from amalgam
amounts to about BO% of total systemic
intake(7B-B3,93,94,179,lB3,191,211,216,303).
4. Having dissimilar metals in the teeth(e.g.-gold and mercury) causes
galvanic action, electrical currents, and much higher mercury vapor
levels and levels in tissues. (19,27,30,48) Average mercury levels in
gum tissue near amalgam fillings are about 200 ppm, but are often 1200
ppm near a gold cap on an amalgam filling(30,25,35,48,58,186,194).
These levels are among the highest levels ever measured in tissues of
living organisms, exceeding the highest levels found in chronically
exposed chloralkali workers, those who died in Minamata, or animals
that died from mercury poisoning. Concentrations of mercury in oral
mucosa for a population of patients with 6 or more amalgam fillings
taken during oral surgery were 20 times the level of controls(174). The
level of mercury and copper released from high copper amalgam is as
much as 50 times that of low copper amalgams(191). High levels of
mercury vaporize and are picked up by the body and bloodstream during
dental work(high-speed grinding) on amalgam f~llings, which results in
much higher levels in the heart, brain, liver, and
kidneys(183,219,205,262,273,274,34,38,etc.).
5. The average level of mercury in the urine of a person with amalgam
fillings(1.9 parts per million) is approximately twice that of the FDA
and EPA Action Level for bans on eating fish and food due to high
mercury level(l ppm) and can be as much as 50 times the EPA Critical
Level. (134,154,160,2) The U.S. Agency for toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR) standard (MRL) for acute inhalation exposure to
mercury vapor is 0.02 micrograms Hg/m3 and the MrL for chronic
inhalation exposure is 0.014 ug/m3(217). This translates to approx.
.004 ug/kg of body weight or 0.3 ug/day for an average adult. The
corresponding tolerable daily exposure developed in a report for Health
Canada is .014 ug/kg body weight or 1 ug/day for average adult. The
U.S. EPA health standard for elemental mercury exposure (vapor) is 0.3
micrograms per cubic meter of air. For the average adult breathing 20
M3 of air per day, this amounts to an exposure of 6 ug/day(2). The EPA
health standard for methyl mercury is 0.1 ug/kg body weight per day or
7 ug for the average adult(2). since mercury is methylized in the body,
some of both types are present in the body. Common levels found in
persons with amalgam fillings are as much as 100 times these MRLs and
for many above the EPA health guideline(217,209,183,199,2). Thus
persons with amalgam fillings have levels of intraoral mercury vapor
and body exposure levels higher than the level considered to have
significant health risk.
6. There is only a weak correlation between blood or urine mercury
levels and body burden or level in a target organ(157,183,278). Feces
has a significant mercury burden in people with amalgam fillings,
having a higher correlation to systemic body burden than urine or
blood, which tend to correlate with recent exposure level.
(35,79,BO,183,278) The median level of mercury in feces of those with
fillings is approx. 10 times that of a similar group without
fillings(79). As damage occurs to kidneys over time, mercury is less
efficiently eliminated(157,260). Hair has been found to offer a better
indicator of mercury body burden than blood or urine(279),though still
not totally reliable. A new test approved by the FDA for diagnosing
damage that has been caused by toxic metals like mercury is the
fractionated porphyrin test(260), that measures amount of damage as
well as likely source. Provocation challange tests after use of
chemical chelators such as DMPS or DMSA also are effective at measuring
body burden(57), but can be dangerous to some people- especially those
still having amalgam fillings or those allergic Ito sulfur drugs or
sulfites. Another chelaltor used for clogged arterites, IEDTA, forms
toxic compounds with mercury and can damage brain function(307). IUse
of EDTA may need to be restricted in those with high Hg levels.
7. Mercury accumulates in the brain, liver, kidneys, heart,and oral
Imucosa(l,20,31,34, 77,79,84,85,94
,111,149,205,211,219,260,262,273,274)
8. The number of amalgam surfaces has a statistically significant
correlation to : (a) blood plasma mercury level (17,84,133,211) (b)
urine mercury level (16, 76,77,138,303) oral mucosa and saliva
(18,77,79,199,211,222,292) (d) feces mercury (79,94,117) (e) pituitary
gland (14,16,19,25, 85,99,113,273,274) (f) brain occipital cortex
(14,16,19,25,34, 85,111,149,211,273,274) (G) fetal and infant
liver/brain levels (61,231) related to maternal fillings.
9. A person with amalgam fillings has daily systemic intake from
mercury vapor !of between 3 and 70 micrograms of mercury, with the
average being at least 10 licrograms(up) per day.
(18,77,83,85,179,183,199,211). In a large German study, the median
daily exposure for those with fillings through saliva was approx. 10
ug/day, 4% of those with fillings had daily expousre through aaliva of
over 80 ug/day, and 1% had over 160 ug/day(199) . The methods and
results of the ubingen study(199) were similar to those of other German
studies(292). Total intake is proportional to the number and extent of
amalgam surfaces, but other factors such as chewing gum and drinking
hot liquids significantly influence the intake. (18,28,31,56)
(135-139,183,193,199,209,211,292). Vapor emissions range up to 200
up/M3 (35, 193) and are much higher after chewing. After chewing, those
with amalgams had levels over 50 times higher than those ithout, and
the average level of expsoure was 29 ug/day for those with at Ileast 12
occlusal surfaces(18). At least 30% of those having amalgam fillings
Itested in a large German study had ingested mercury levels exceeding
the WHO IPTWI mercury standard of 43 ug/day (199,183), and over 50% of
those with 6 or lore fillings had dily exposures more than the U.S. EPA
health guideline level (199) of 0.1 ug/kg body weight/day(199). The
median daily exposure through saliva for those with 10 or more fillings
was over 10 times that of those with no fillings. Mercury level in
saliva has been found to give much etter indication of body levels than
blood or urine levels. Most people with fillings have daily exposure
levels exceeding the U.S. EPA health guideline
levels(2,183,199,209,261,292)
10. The blood and kidney mercury load of a person with amalgam fillings
is :often 5 times that of a similar person without.
(16,79,80,82,84,93,111,136,138, 1303) The average blood level for one
large population was 24.8 nmol/I(176). ormal blood levels are less than
20 ppb, but health effects have been lobserved in patients in the upper
part of this range(196). A Swedish study lestimated the total amount
mercury swallowed per day from intra-oral vapor was 110 micrograms per
day (177) ,and a large German study(199) found median exposure Ithrough
saliva alone for those with fillings to be about 10 ug/day, with many
Ihaveing several fillings with over 10 times that level. Other studies
have Ifound similar amounts(18,83,211,183,209).
11. Teeth are living tissue and have massive communication with the
rest of the body via blood, lymph, and nerves. Mercury vapor (and
bacteria in teeth) have paths to the rest of the body. (34,etc.) German
studies of mercury loss from vapor in unstimulated saliva found the
saliva of those with amalgam had least 5 times as much mercury as for
controls(179,199).
12. Mercury crosses the blood brain barrier and is stored
preferentially in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and occipital
cortex in direct proportion to the number and extent of amalgam
surfaces. (l,13,19,20,25,34,38,55a) (85,99,111,113,149,273,274) Thus
mercury has a greater effect on the functions of these areas.
13. Some mercury entering nasal passages is absorbed directly into the
olfactory lobe and brain without coming from blood. (34,35,55a).
14. Mercury is transported along the axons of nerve fibres
(5,33,34,35,50).
15. Mercury from amalgam is transported freely via the blood after
entering the blood through the lungs (19,34,35).
16. Mercury has a long half life in the body and over 20 years in the
brain, and chronic low level intake results in a slow accumulation in
body tissues. (20,26,34,35,38) (etc.)
17. Methyl mercury is more toxic to some body processes than elemental
Imercury. Mercury from amalgam is methylated by bacteria and candida
albicans lin the mouth and intestines(51,53,54, 81.185,225,254). Methyl
mercury is 1000 Itimes more potent in causing genetic damage than any
other known chemical (Ramel, in(35».
18. The level of mercury in the tissue of the fetus, new born, and
young Ichildren is directly proportional to the number of amalgam
surfaces in the Imother's mouth. (20,23,40,61,112,113,114,210) The
level of mercury in lumbilical cord blood and placenta was higher than
that in mother's blood(61(b)) .
19. Mercury from amalgam in pregnant women crosses the placenta and
appears in lamniotic fluid and fetal blood, liver, and pituitary gland
within 2 days of Iplacement(18,20,23,31,l13,126,162,281). Dental
amalgams are the main source of Imercury in breast milk(112,231,304).
Mercury is often stored in breast milk land the fetus at much higher
levels than that in the mother's tissues
(18,19,20,22,23,40,41,61,112,114,210,231,287,304). The highest level is
in the pituitary gland of the fetus which affects development of the
endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems. The fetal mercury content
after maternal inhalation of mercury vapor was found to be approx. 40
times that for maternal expsoure to an equivalent dose of inorganic
mercury(265,281,287), and developmental behavioral effects from vapor
have been found at levels considerably below that required for similar
effects by methyl mercury(287).
20. There is a significant correlation between the number of amalgam
fillings of the mother and the level of the fetus and older
infants(20,23,112,l13,l14, 231,304), and also with the level in mothers
milk(18,19,20,38,40,61,112,l13, 304). Fertile women should not be
exposed to vapor levels above 10 mcg/M3 (38,61,195,282) or have
amalgams placed or removed during pregnancy(231,304).
III. Medical Studies Finding Health Problems Related to Amalgam
Fillings
1. Many thousands of people with systems of mercury toxicity have been
found in tests to have high levels of mercury, and many thousands who
have had amalgam fillings removed(most) have had health problems and
symptoms alleviated or greatly improved(see Section 4). From clinical
experience some of the symptoms of mercury sensitivity/mercury
poisoning include chronic fatigue, dizziness, frequent urination,
insomnia, headaches, chronic skin problems, metallic taste,
gastrointestinal problems, asthma, stuffy nose, drycrusts in nose,
rhinitis, plugged ears and ringing ears, chest pain, hyperventilation,
diabetes, spacy feeling, chilly, chronic skin problems, immune and
autoimmune diseases, and neurological problems (34,35,38, 45,47,
69,70,71,91,109, 126,148,165,204,212, 199,252,255,268-270, 290,294).
Neurological problems are among the most common and serious and include
memory loss, moodiness, depression, anger and sudden bursts of
anger/rage, self-effacement, suicidal thoughts, lack of strength/force
to resolve doubts or resist obsessions or compulsions, etc. Mercury
causes decreased lithium levels, which is a factor in neurological
diseases such as depression and Alzheimer's. Lithium protects brain
cells against excess glutamate and calcium, and low levels cause
abnormal brain cell balance and neurological disturbances (280,294,
etc.). Medical texts on neurology (97,258,295,296) point out that
chronic mercurialism is often misdiagnosed as dementia or neurosis or
functional psychosis. "Early manifestations are likely to be subtle and
diagnosis difficult: Insomnia, nervousness, mild tremor, impaired
judgment and coordination, decreased mental efficeincy, emothional
lability, headache, fatigue, loss of secual drive, depression, etc. are
often mistakenly ascribed to ssychogenic causes".
2. Toxic/allergic reactions often result in lichen planus lesions in
oral mucosa or gums and playa roll in pathogenesis of periodontal
disease. Removal of amalgam fillings usually results in cure of such
lesions. (82,86,87,90,94,101,133,145,192)
3. Numerous studies have found long term chronic low doses of mercury
cause neurological, memory, behavior, sleep, and mood
problems(34,69,70, 71,74,107, 108,109,115, 119,140,141,
196,199,222,252, 255,257,258, 282,290). Neurological effects have been
documented at very low levels of exposure(urine Hg< 4 ug/L), levels
commonly received by those with amalgm fillings(290). One of the
studies at a German University(199) assessed 20,000 people. There is
also evidence that fetal or infant exposure causes delayed
neurotoxicity evidenced in serious effect at middle age(255). Organic
tin compounds formed from amalgam are even more neurotoxic than
mercury(222). Studies of groups of patients with amalgam fillings found
significantly more neurological, memory, mood, and behavioral problems
than the control groups. (34) (107,108,109,140,141,196,199,222,290)
4. Mercury binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells thus reducing
oxygen carrying capacity(1,16,17,21,26,35), and at 1 ppm can destroy
the membrane of redblood cells(35,22,17) and damage blood vessels-
reducing blood supply to the tissues(34). Mercury also interupts the
cytochrome oxidase system, blocking the ATP energy function(35,232).
These effects often result in fatigue and reduced energy levels
(35,115,119,140,141,182,202,212,232,235). Mercury also accumulates in
the heart and damages myocardial and heart valves (Turpayev,in
(35»&(201,205,306). The interruption of the ATP energy
chemistry
results in high levels of porphyrins in the urine(260). Mercury, lead,
and other toxics have different patterns of high levels for the 5 types
of porphyrins, with pattern indicating likely source and the level
extent of damage. The average for those with amalgams is over 3 time
that of those without, and is over 20 times normal for some severely
poisoned people(232,260). The FDA has approved a test measuring
porphyrins as a test for mercury poisoning. However some other dental
problems such as nickel crowns and root canals also can cause high
porphyrins.
5. Mercury amalgam exposure adversely affects the immune
system(27,34,38,77, 78,91,118,199,226,270,301). One of several effects
is to increase the average lood white cell count by 2000 to 10000 (35).
The increased white count sually normalizes after amalgam removal.
Mercury also blocks the immune function of magnesium and zinc (197,38).
6. Mercury from amalgam interferes with production of cytokines,
disabling learly control of viruses and leading to enhanceq
infection(131,251).
7. A group of patients with amalgam fillings and complaints of
systematic symptoms including central nervous system problems and a
group of controls 'ere given MRI tests. 81% of the group with health
complaints had athological MRI results including signs of degeneration
of the basal ganglia :of the brain, but none in the controls. 60% of
the symptom group tested ositive for immune system reaction to mercury.
The authors concluded that limmune reactions have an important role in
development of brain lesions ,and lamalgam fillings induce immune
reactions in many patients (91,118) (270,286).
8. Among a group of patients testing positive as allergic to mercury,
low Ilevel mercury exposure was found to cause adverse immune system
response, lincluding reduction of in vitro production of tumor necrosis
factor TNF alfa land interleukin-1. (152)
9. Patch tests for hypersensitivity to mercury have found from 2% to
44% to test positive(87,154,156,178,266,267), much higher for groups
with more amalgam fillings and length of exposure than those with less.
In studies of ledical and dental students, those testing positive had
significantly higher average number of amalgam fillings than those not
testing positive(and higher levels of mercury in urine(132,156). Of the
dental students with 10 or more fillings at least 5 years old, 44%
tested allergic. Based on these studies and statistics for the number
with 10'or more fillings, the percent of mericans allergic to mercury
just from this group would be about 17 million eople especially
vulnerable to increased immune system reactions to amalgam fillings.
However, the total would be much larger and patch tests do not leasure
the total population getting toxic reactions from mercury. The most
sensitive reactions are immune reactions, DNA mutations, developmental,
and systemic effects(4,35,38,61,270,305).
10. Low level mercury exposure including exposure to amalgam fillings
has Ibeen found to be associated with increased autoimmune diseases,
including Ilupus,Chrons disease,lichen planus, endometriosis
(1,14,17,19,21,25,27,34,35,
138,42,43,44,45,49,55,60,77,78,91,215,226,234,268,269,270). Silver,
like mercury ,is released from amalgam fillings and stored in the body
and has been shown to cause immune reactions and autoimmunity in animal
studies (77, 78, 129,226)
11. People with amalgam fillings have an increased number of intestinal
microorganisms resistant to mercury and many standard antibiotics.
(35,116,117) studies have found a significant correlation between
mercury resistance and multiple antibiotic resistance(116,117,161).
12. Mercury from amalgam binds to the -SH (sulphydryl) groups,
resulting in inactivation of sulfur and blocking of enzyme function,
producing toxicity. Sulfur is essential in enzymes, hormones, nerve
tissue, and red blood cells. These exist in almost every enzymatic
process in the body. Mercury also blocks the metabolic action of
manganese and the entry of calcium ions into cytoplasm. Mercury from
amalgam thus has the potential to disturb all letabo1ic
processes(25,33,35,60, 180,197}. Mercury is transported throughout Ithe
body in blood and can affect cells in the body and organs in different
ways.
13. Several studies found adverse health effects at mercury vapor
levels of 1 Ito 5 mcg/M3 (35). A large study of 20,000 subjects at a
German university Ifound a significant relation between the number of
amalgam fillings with eriodonta1 problems, neurological problems, and
gastrointestinal rob1ems(199). Allergies and hair-loss were found to be
2-3 times as high in la group with large number of amalgam fillings
compared to contro1s(199,199a). ILeve1s of mercury in follicular fluid
was significantly higher for those with lama1gam fi11ingss. Higher
levels of hormone disturbances, immune disturbances, Ire current fungal
infections were also found in the amalgam group. The results lof
hormone tests, cell culture studies, an intervention studies
agree(199a).
14. Mercury accumulates in the kidneys with increasing levels over
time. ercury exposure has been shown to adversely affect kidney
function in loccupationa1 and animal studies(59,203,211,260,etc.). The
Government's toxic 11eve1 for mercury in urine is 30 mcg/L (189), but
low levels in urine often ean high mercury retention and chronic
toxicity problems.
15. Amalgam fillings produce electrical currents which increase mercury
vapor Irelease and may have other harmful
effects(19,27,28,29,30,3S,56,194). These Icurrents are measured in
micro amps. The central nervous system operates on Isigna1s in the
range of nano-amps, which is 1000 times less than a micro lamp(28).
Negatively charged fillings or crown appear to cause higher mercury
apor losses(35).
16. Mercury from amalgam fillings is transferred to the fetus of
pregnant omen and children who breast feed at levels often higher than
those of the Imother(18,19,23,31,38,61, 112,113,114,195,281). Mercury
has an effect on the Ifeta1 nervous system at levels far below that
considered toxic in adults, and Ibackground levels of mercury in
mothers correlate significantly with incidence 10£ birth defects
and
still births(3,23,38,197,210,272,287). Mercury vapor lexposure causes
impaired cell proliferation in the brain and organs, resulting lin
reduced volume for cerebellum and organs and subtle defiencies(38,305).
17. Since mercury is documented from studies of humans and animals to
be a Ireproductive and developmental toxin(38,61,105,146,224,255,305),
mercury can Ireduce reproductive function and cause birth defects and
developmental Iprob1ems in children. (2,3,4,20, 24,31,37,38, 39,40,41,
49,61,199,224, 255). Clinical evidence indicates that amalgam fillings
leads to hormone imbalances Ithat can reduce fertility(199,38,4). Some
researcher's advise pregnant women Ishould not be exposed to mercury
vapor levels above 10 mcg/M3 (61,195,282) and Isevera1 governments have
bans or restrictions on use of amalgam by women of Ichild-bearing age.
18. Mercury causes breaks in DNA (4,38,41,42, 197). Low non-cytotoxic
levels of mercury induce dose dependent binding of mercury to DNA and
significantly increased cell mutations (142,4) and birth defects
(197,38).
19. Mercury by its effect of weakening the immune system contributes to
increased chronic diseases and cancer(91,222,234,38,etc,). Expsosure to
mercury vapor casuses decreased zinc and methionine availability,
depresses rates of methylation, and increased free radicals-all factors
in increased susceptibility to cancer(38). Amalgam fillings have also
been found to be positively associated with mouth cancer(206,241).
20. In addition to the endocrine system disrupting effects of high
mercury laccumulation in the pituitary gland, mercury causes a
reduction in thyroid IProduction and an accumulation in the thyroid of
radiation. Mercury's adverse influence on thyrocytes can playa major
role in thyroid cancer etiology(144). IMercury has been found to affect
hormone production at very low Iconcentrations (199).
21. There has been no evidence found that there is any safe level of
mercury lin the body that does not kill cells and harm body
processes(WHO,183,189, letc.). Mercury levels of 10ppm severely disturb
cellular function, and growth lof nerve fibers are affected at much
lower levels(181). This is especially so If or the pituitary gland of
the developing fetus which is the most sensitive to Imercury
(2-4,19-24,30,31,36 -44,61) .
22. Low levels of toxic metals have been found to inhibit
dihydroteridine reductase, which affects the neural system function by
inhibiting transmitters through its effect on phenylalanine, tyrosine
and tryptophan transport into neurons(257,258,289). This was found to
cause severe impaired amine synthesis and hypokinesis.
Tetrahydrobiopterin, which is essential in roduction of
neurotransmitters, is significantly decreased in patients with
lalzheimer's, Parkinson's, and MS. Such patients have abnormal
inhibition of Ineurotransmitter production. Such symptoms improved
after administration of 15-formyltetrahydrofolate (257) .
23. The level of mercury released by amalgam fillings is often more
than the levels documented in medical studies to produce adverse
effects (see previous text) .
IV. Health Effects from Dental Personnel Exposure to Mercury Vapor
1. Dentists and dental personnel who work with amalgam are chronically
exposed to mercury
vapor(1,3,6-12,34,36,38,72,122,123,124,171,172,173,240,249,290,303)
Studies note that carpeting in dental offices should be avoided as it
is a .ajor repository of mercury(188). Mercury levels in urine of
dental personnel laverage about 2 times that of
controls(123,124,171,249) and was 43 nmol/liter Ifor a population
surveyed in Sweden(171), which is above the Swedish loccupational
exposure guideline. Much higher body burden levels in dental ersonel
were found based on challange tests than for controls(303). A review
lof several studies of mercury level in hair of dentists and dental
workers Ifound median levels were 50 to 300% more than those of
controls(38, p287-288 & 13). Allergy tests given to a group of
dental students found 44% of them were lallergic to mercury (156) .
2. Drilling old amalgam fillings with only a saliva extractor and no
other Iprecautions produces mercury vapor levels 2 to 15 times
occupational threshold limit values (30 micrograms/cubic meter)
(120,219).
3. The average dental office exposure affects the body mercury level
approximately the same as having 19 amalgam fillings(123,124,173).
Dentists were found to score significantly worse than a comparable
control group on neurobehavioral tests of motor speed, visual scanning,
visuomotor coordination, concentration, verbal memory, visual memory,
emotional lability, mood scores, and visuomotor coordination speed(249,
252, 253, 69,70,260,290). Adverse neurobehavioral effects were found
even for dental personel receiving low exposure levels(less than 4 ug/l
Hg in urine) (290). Such levels are also common to non dental personel
with several fillings.
4. Both dental hygienists and patients get high doses of mercury vapor
when !dental hygienists polish or use ultrasonic scalers on amalgam
surfaces(240). Ipregnant women or pregnant hygienist especially should
avoid these practices uring pregnancy or while nursing since maternal
mercury exposure has been shown to affect the fetus and to be related
to birth defects, SIDS, etc. (38, 61,272), and breast milk contains up
to 6 times higher mercury than in the other's blood(20). .
5. Body burden increases with time and older dentists have median
mercury rine levels about 4 times those of controls, as well as higher
brain and body urdens(13,34, 69-74,122). Some older dentists have
mercury levels in some arts of the brain as much as 80 times higher
than normal levels(14,34).
6. Dentists and dental personnel experience significantly higher levels
of Ineurological, memory, musculoskeletal, mood, and behavioral
problems, which lincrease with years of
,exposure(13,34,49,69-74,88,122,188,246,247,248,249,252 1290). Even
dental personel with relatively low exposure(urine Hg<4 ug/l) were
Ifound to have significant neurological effects(290) and was found to
be Icorrelated with body burden of mercury. Most studies find dentists
have Ihigher suicide rates than the general white population(284), but
one study Ifound rates in same range as doctors.
7. Female dental technicians who work with amalgam have increased
menstrual Idisturbances(275,38), significantly reduced fertility and
lowered probability lof conception(3,24,38,121), increased spontaneous
abortions(3,38,277), and Itheir children have significantly lower
average IQ compared to the general opulation(13,279,38,110).
Populations with only slightly increased levels of Imercury in hair had
decreases in academic ability. Effects are directly Irelated to length
of time on the job(277). The level of mercury excreted in lurine is
significantly higher for female dental assistants than dentists due Ito
biological factors (171,172, 173,247). Several dental assistants have
been Idiagnosed with mercury toxicity and some have died of related
health leffects(32,245,246,247,248). Female dentists have increased
rates of Ispontaneous abortion and perinatal mortality93,38).
8. Many homes of dentists have been found to have high levels of
mercury contamination used by dentists bringing it home on shoes and
clothes(187).
9. Some studies have found increased risk of lung, kidney, brain, and
CNS system cancers among dental workers (14,34, 143,283).
10. Autopsies of former dental staff found levels of mercury in the
pituitary gland averaged over 10 times that of controls(99,38), as well
as higher levels in the occipital cortex and renal cortex and thyroid.
v. Results of Removal of Amalgam Fillings
1. For the week following amalgam removal, body mercury levels increase
approx. 30 % (unless Chelation is also used), but within 2 weeks levels
fall significantly. (82,89)
2. Removal of amalgam fillings resulted in a significant reduction in
body burden and body waste product load of
mercury(75,82,88,89,93,95,96,125,200).
3. Total reduction in mercury levels in blood and urine is often over
80% within a few months(82,89,93,96,200).
4. There are extensive documented cases (many thousands) where removal
of amalgam fillings led to cure of serious health problems such as
periodontal diseases(56,82,86,87,90,94,101,133,145,168,192,212), immune
system problems (270,91,212,229,35), allergies(212,229), asthma(75),
migraines(212,229), multiple chemical sensitivities(229,35),
epilepsy(5,309,229), blood conditions(212,35), stomach
problems(212,229,35), MS(102,291,302,35,229,308), ALS(97,229,35),
Alzheimer's(204), lupus(229), Parkinson's(248,229,35),
schizohprenia(294), depression(107,294,212,229,35) ,chron's
disease(229), anxiety & mental confusion (229)
,anger(212),infertility(199a,38,229), arthritis, endometriosis(229,38),
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (293,229), tachycardia and heart
problems(205,306,212), dizzyness(212) ,etc., or in significant
improvement in symptoms ( 34,35,38,57,86-91,94-103,125,148,165.
167.168,170,180,182,192,199,200,204,212, 222
229,233,234,235,237,252,282,289). In a large German study of MS
patients after amalgam removal, extraction resulted in 85% recovery
rate versis only 16% for filling replacement (302,308). Other cases
have found that recovery from serious autoimmune diseases, dementia, or
cancer may require more agressive mercury removal techniques than
simple filling replacement due to body burden. This appears to be due
to migration of mercury into roots & gums that is not eliminated by
simple filling replacement. Among those with chronic immune system
problems with related immune antibodies, the types showing the highest
level of antibody reductions after amalgam removal include glomerular
basal membrane, thyreeoglobulin, and microsomal thyroid antigens(91)
Interviews of a large population of Swedish patients that had amalgams
removed due to health problems found that virtually all reported
significant health improvements and that the health improvements were
permanent(233). (study period 17 years) A compilation of an even larger
population found similar results(237,282). For example 89% of those
reporting allergies had significant improvements or total elimination;
extrapolated to U.S. population this would represent over 17 million
people who would benefit regarding allergies alone.
5. Some studies of patients with major neurological or degenerative
diseases have found evidence amalgam fillings may playa major role in
development of conditions such as such as
Alzheimersz(66,67,158,166,204,207,221,239,242,244, 258,296,300),
ALS(92,97), MS(170,285,291,302),Parkinson's(98,169,218,248,250,
)258),schizophrenia(294,295),depression(107,109,294,295 ,etc.
(34,35,57,100,102, 145,
148,159,163,175,184,199,213,228,242,243,244,248,252,257,289). One
study(169) found blood and urine mercury levels to be very strongly
related to Parkinson's with odds ratios of approx. 20. Medical
textbooks on neurology note that "inorganic mercury as a cause of
pyschiatric syndrom is often not recognized by diagnosticians, with a
conclusion that a pateints symptoms are due to neurois or functional
psychosis or just nerves. "The manifestations of mercury are likely to
be subtle and diagnosis is difficult(295,296)." Very high levels of
mercury are found in brain memory areas such as the cerebral cortex and
hippocampus of patients with diseases with memory related symptoms
(158,34, 207,etc.} Mercury penetrates and damages the blood brain
barrier alowing penetration of the barrier by other substances that are
neurotoxic (38,85,113,146,162,262). Such damage to the blood brain
barrier's function has been found to be a major factor in chronic
neurological diseases such as MS(286,289,291,302). Studies have found
mercury related mental effects to be indistinguishable from those of
MS(207,244,289,191,302). Low levels of toxic metals have been found to
inhibit dihydroteridine reductase, which affects the neural system
function by inhibiting brain transmitters through its effect on
phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan transport into neurons(257,258).
This was found to cause severe impaired amine synthesis and
hypokinesis. Tetrahydro -biopterin, which is essential in production of
nerurotransmitters, is significantly decreased in patients with
heimer's, Parkinson's, and MS. Such patients have abnormal inhibition
of neurotransmitter production. (supplements which inhibit breach of
the blood brain barrier such as bioflavonoids have been found to slow
such neurological damage). Mercury at extremely low levels also
interferes with formation of tubulin producing neurofibrillary tangles
in the brain similar to those observed in Alzheimers patients with high
levels of mercury in the brain (207). Mercury and the induced
neurofibrillary tangles also appear to produce a functional zinc
deficiency in the of AD sufferers(242),as well as causing reduced
lithium levels which is another factor in such diseases. Lithium
protects brain cells against excess glutamate induced excitability and
calcium influx(280). Also mercury binds with cell membranes interfering
with sodium and potassium enzyme functions, causing excess membrane
permeability, especially in terms of the blood-brain barrier (159,207).
Less than 1ppm mercury in the blood stream can impair the blood- brain
barrier. Mercury was also found to accumulate in the mitochodria and
interfere with their vital functions, and to inhibit cytochrome C
enzymes which affect energy supply to the brain. Persons with extra
Apo-E4 gene copies are especially susceptible to this damage(207,221).
In many cases (many thousand documented)removal of amalgam fillings and
treatment for metal toxicity led to "cure' or significant improvement
in health(57,97,100,102,148,170,207,213,222,234,237,282). There is some
evidence that some forms of leukemia are abnormal response to antigenic
stimulation by mercury or other such toxics and removal of amalgam has
led to remission in some cases(35,38,180).
6. Mercury exposure through fillings appears to be a major factor in
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) through its promotion of growth of
candida albicans in the body and the methylation of inorganic mercury
by candida to the extremely toxic methyl mercury form which like
mercury vapor crosses the blood-brain barrier and also damages and
weakens the immune system(225,226,234,235, 237, 293,38,etc.). Methyl
mercury has also been shown in animal studies to induce autoimmune
reactions and disease through its affects on immune system T
cells(226,268,269,270,etc.)
7. Body mercury burden was found to playa role in resistant infections
such as Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes family viral infections; it
was found many cases can only be effectively treated by antibiotics
after removal of body mercury burden(cilantro tablets were used with
followup antibiotics) (251,131). Similar results have been found for
treatment of cancer.
VI. Scientists and Government Panels or Bodies That Have Found Amalgam
Fillings to be Unsafe.
1. A World Health Organization Scientific Panel concluded that there is
no safe level of mercury exposure(183,189,208). The Chairman of the
panel, Lars Friberg stated that "dental amalgam is not safe for
everyone to use(208,238).
2. In 1987 the Federal Dept. of Health in Germany issued an advisory
warning against use of dental amalgam in pregnant women(61). Most major
countries other than the U.S. have similar or more extensive bans or
health warnings regarding the use of amalgam, including Canada, Great
Britain, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Japan, Australia, etc. A Swedish
National Mercury malgam Review Panel found that "from a toxicological
point of view, mercury is too toxic to use as a filling material"(164).
A Swedish medical panel nanimously recommended to the government
"discontinuing the use of amalgam as la dental material"(282). The U.S.
EPA found that removed amalgam fillings are Ihazardous and must be
sealed airtight and exposed of as hazardous waste(214). ost European
countries require controls on dental waste amalgam emissions to sewers
or air. A Canadian Government study for Health Canada concluded that
any person with any number of amalgam fillings receives exposure beyond
that recommended by the USPHS Standard(209). Many of those researching
amalgam related health effects including several very prominent
scientists have concluded that the health effects are widespread and
serious so that mercury should not be used as a filling material
(1,18,19, 26,36,38,57, 61,88,94,99, 100 113,115,125,126,148,153,
164,170,183, 208,209,210,222, 227,236,237, 238,239,282).
3. The use of mercury amalgams has been banned for children and women
of Ichild-bearing age or put on a schedule for phase out by several
European Icountries. The use of amalgam is declining in Europe and
Germany's largest roducer of amalgam has ceased production, The
director of the U.S. Federal rogram overseeing dental safety advises
against using mercury amalgam for new fillings.
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Web: Bernard Windham, Editor- Chemical Engineer
Copyright: Bernard Windham
Published: 1990
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