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[John Brown's Speech before the court]

John Brown (1800-1859)

                                      I have, may it please the Court, a few words to say.

                                      In the first place, I deny everything but what I have all along admitted: of a design
                                      on my part to free slaves . . .

                                      Had I interfered in the matter which I admit, and which I admit has been fairly
                                      proved . . . had I so interfered in behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, or
                                      the so-called great . . . and suffered and sacrificed, what I have in this
                                      intereference, it would have been all right. Every man in this Court would have
                                      deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment.

                                      I see a book kissed which I suppose to be the Bible, or at least the New
                                      Testament, which teaches me that all things whatsoever I would that men should
                                      do unto me, I should do even so to them. It teaches me further to remember them
                                      that are in bonds as bound with them. I endeavored to act up to that instruction. I
                                      say that I am yet too young to understand that God is any respecter of persons. I
                                      believe that to have interfered as I have done, as I have always freely admitted I
                                      have done in behalf of His despised poor, I did no wrong, but right. Now if it is
                                      deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of
                                      justice and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children and with the
                                      blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked,
                                      cruel and unjust enactments, I say, let it be done.

==============================THE GREAT ROSA PARKS =============================

October 24, 2005


Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks Dies at 92

By BREE FOWLER, Associated Press Writer

DETROIT - Rosa Parks, whose refusal to give up her bus seat to a white man sparked the modern civil rights movement, died Monday evening. She was 92.

Mrs. Parks was 42 when she committed an act of defiance in 1955 that was to change the course of American history and earn her the title "mother of the civil rights movement."

At that time, Jim Crow laws in place since the post-Civil War Reconstruction required separation of the races in buses, restaurants and public accommodations throughout the South, while legally sanctioned racial discrimination kept blacks out of many jobs and neighborhoods in the North.

The Montgomery, Ala., seamstress, an active member of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, was riding on a city bus Dec. 1, 1955, when a white man demanded her seat.

Mrs. Parks refused, despite rules requiring blacks to yield their seats to whites. Two black Montgomery women had been arrested earlier that year on the same charge, but Mrs. Parks was jailed. She also was fined $14.

Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick said he felt a personal tie to the civil rights icon: "She stood up by sitting down. I'm only standing here because of her."

U.S. Rep. Charles Rangel (news, bio, voting record), D-N.Y., lauded Mrs. Parks' mettle.

"I truly believe that there's a little bit of Rosa Parks in all Americans who have the courage to say enough is enough and stand up for what they believe in," Rangel said. "She did such a small thing, but it was so courageous for her as a humble person to do."

Speaking in 1992, Mrs. Parks said history too often maintains "that my feet were hurting and I didn't know why I refused to stand up when they told me. But the real reason of my not standing up was I felt that I had a right to be treated as any other passenger. We had endured that kind of treatment for too long."

Her arrest triggered a 381-day boycott of the bus system organized by a then little-known Baptist minister, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., who later earned the Nobel Peace Prize for his work.

"At the time I was arrested I had no idea it would turn into this," Mrs. Parks said 30 years later. "It was just a day like any other day. The only thing that made it significant was that the masses of the people joined in."
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