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★ jp-Swiss-journal ━ Vol. 63 - March 06, 2005 (Swiss
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■━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━■
【
目次 / INDEX / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 】
【J】
|
彷徨える余剰金準備
|
明子 ヒューリマン
|
【E】
|
Whereabouts
excessive gold reserve
|
Akiko Hürlimann
|
□━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━【 日本語 】━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━□
彷徨える余剰金準備
明子 ヒューリマン
昨年末スマトラ沖地震で津波災害が起きるまで、スイスで最もホットな話題の一つとして連日報じられていたのはスイス国立銀行(SNB)に保管されている余剰金準備の使途についてだった。財政赤字に悩む諸外国と地方自治体政府にとって、余った金準備がある等という話は実に羨ましい話に違いあるまい。連邦政府と州政府がどのように売却済み1,300トンの金売却益を分け合うか、いずれも負けじと懸命な綱引きが1997年以来9年越しに繰り広げられてきた。両者共に大変厳しい財政事情であることはスイスと言えども例外ではなく、それ故にまるで遺産相続争いの如き激しい議論が行われてきた。そして昨年冬季連邦議会でついに分配方法が決定されたかに思われた。この時メディアは一斉に州側の勝利と報じた。金額にして210億スイスフラン(およそ1兆8千億円相当)の3分の2を州政府に、そして3分の1を連邦政府に配分すると連邦議会が決議したからだ。
「ついに分配方法が決定されたかに思われた」と言うのは、この決議は内閣の承認を待つとの但し書きが付いていたからだ。年明け早々、今か今かと分配金を待つ諸州は州政府会議(KdK)を開いて、可及的速やかに余剰金準備の分配を求めて連邦政府に迫った。全州政府の負債の19.1%をSNBのこの余剰金で賄えると言われている。十分とは言えないまでも、財政赤字に悩む諸州はこれでひと先ず息がつけるという訳だ。一方、財政赤字に加えて急速に高齢化社会を迎えているスイスでも国民年金基金(AVH)が危機的状況に向かっている事から、かねてからこの余剰金を年金基金の不足に充てるという議論があった。従って連邦政府としてはおいそれと分配してしまうわけには行かないという事情がある。定年の年齢を徐々に引き上げて、いずれは定年年齢を廃止するという議論が現実味を帯びてきている昨今、年金給付額を下げるか、消費税を上げるか、余剰金準備を充てるかは包括的に検討されるべきだという論調があったからだ。が、昨年の年の瀬に、取り敢えずは随時売却されている金の延棒の売却益は配分しよう、という見解が政府筋からも出た。これに対する主要メディアの論調は連邦政府の意向を賢明な方針と受け止め、又大方の州や中道政党関係者も同様な感想を表明した。
ここでスイスの国民年金制度(AHV)について簡単に触れておこう。AHV(アーハーファウ)と呼ばれる養老・障害者・遺族年金は1948年に連邦法で施行されて以来、国の責任で行われて来た制度で、執行機関として州政府が実務を取り仕切ってきた。年金基金は1)国家公務員と外国人が属する連邦年金基金、2)州と地方自治体の年金基金、3)業種別年金基金の三つの基金に分かれており、後者二つの基金には被雇用者、自営業者、非就業者が夫々加入している。生業についている18歳以上、あるいは21歳以上の非就業者すべてに加盟が義務付けられている。一度AHVに加入すると生涯付いてまわるAHV番号が与えられ、この番号が納税申告書にも記載される他、様々な公的書類に付いて廻る。AHV番号を見れば従事する業種が分かってしまうという構成になっている。余談ながら、日本では長年納税者番号制導入の是非が議論されているが、収入がガラス張りのサラリーマンは容赦なく徴税され、年金掛け金が給与から天引きされる一方で、自営業者の脱税問題も、国民年金の未納問題も長年放置されてきた。こうした不公平解消の為にも、この種の背番号は当然あって然るべき制度ではないかと思う。
話をスイスの余剰金に戻そう。問題を更に複雑にしているのは、バーゼルの社会党(SP)国民議会議員が今後発生する「ナショナルバンクの(余剰金の)利益を国民年金に」のスローガンで伝家の宝刀イニシアティヴ(国民発議)キャンペーンを始めており、空っぽになりそうな国民年金基金(AHV)の財源確保の観点から右派のスイス国民党(AVH)もこの余剰金を狙っていることから、終いには「金を巡って左右が手を組むか?」という論調まで出て来る始末となった。つまり、社会党の発議にスイス国民党が加わることにでもなれば、国民投票に持ち込めると言う事だ。国民投票に持ち込む動きが出てしまっては、少なくとも今年の11月以前には身動きが取れないことになってしまう。と、ここで本稿は一先ず終わる筈だったのだが、急遽弊誌の発行順序を変えた直後に、新しい動きがあった。2月2日、連邦政府は州政府と全州議会の要請を受け入れ、速やかな余剰金準備の分配を最終決定したのだ。政府としてもこれで三分の一に当る資金を、放置しておけば破綻を免れないAHV基金に資金注入出来るようになる。とは言ってもメルツ財務相曰く、遅くとも3月にはナショナル・バンクと協議を始めるが、必要な手続きを経た後、実際に分配出来るようになるのは2006年の始め頃、という悠長な話に州政府の中には官僚的手法と反発を強めているところもあった。が、これ以上の得策は無いと考えた内閣は素早く決断した。
[各州の財政赤字と分配金による赤字解消率]
順位
|
州
|
州
|
財政赤字
|
分配金
|
赤字解消率
|
|
|
|
百万SFr
|
百万SFr
|
|
1
|
AR
|
アッペンツェル–アウサローデン
|
120
|
123
|
103%
|
2
|
AI
|
アッペンツェル-インナローデン
|
34
|
32
|
94%
|
3
|
OW
|
オプヴァルデン
|
198
|
134
|
68%
|
4
|
FR
|
フリブール
|
1,113
|
753
|
68%
|
5
|
SZ
|
シュヴィーツ
|
379
|
188
|
50%
|
6
|
SG
|
ザンクトガレン
|
1,754
|
843
|
48%
|
7
|
AG
|
アールガウ
|
1,769
|
837
|
47%
|
8
|
VS
|
ヴァリス
|
2,488
|
1,150
|
46%
|
9
|
UR
|
ウリ
|
214
|
95
|
44%
|
10
|
JU
|
ユラ
|
610
|
259
|
42%
|
11
|
GR
|
グラウビュンデン
|
1,098
|
434
|
40%
|
12
|
TI
|
ティチーノ
|
1,603
|
554
|
35%
|
13
|
TG
|
トールガウ
|
1,279
|
426
|
33%
|
14
|
SO
|
ゾロトゥーン
|
1,428
|
472
|
33%
|
15
|
ZG
|
ツーク
|
409
|
123
|
30%
|
16
|
GL
|
グラールス
|
249
|
73
|
29%
|
17
|
SH
|
シャフハウゼン
|
400
|
116
|
29%
|
18
|
LU
|
ルツェルン
|
2,854
|
800
|
28%
|
19
|
BE
|
ベルン
|
10,050
|
2,341
|
23%
|
20
|
NE
|
ヌーシャテル/ノイエンブルグ
|
1,854
|
423
|
23%
|
21
|
NW
|
ニドゥヴァルデン
|
241
|
51
|
21%
|
22
|
ZH
|
ツューリッヒ
|
9,256
|
1,589
|
17%
|
23
|
BL
|
バーゼル・ラントゥシャフトゥ
|
3,037
|
371
|
12%
|
24
|
VD
|
ヴォー
|
10,625
|
1,041
|
10%
|
25
|
BS
|
バーゼル・シュタットゥ
|
4,956
|
235
|
5%
|
26
|
GE
|
ジュネーヴ
|
19,902
|
537
|
3%
|
|
|
合計
|
77,920
|
14,000
|
|
(出展:連邦財務省)
余剰金の分配でどれほど州の財政赤字が補えるか、その切実度はこの表でお察し頂けると思う。大雑把に言って、郡部の財政が健全な傾向であるのに対して、大都市の厳しさが目に付く。年金支給年齢を上げる事には反対する国民の声は多い。年金カットの方針に怒る年金生活者も多い。一方で、社会福祉財源を消費税率を上げて賄うのは逆らえない時代の流れであると納得する意見も少なくない。反対の為の反対はせず、現実的な選択をする意識を持っている国民と言えよう。国民発議によって制度の修正はいつでもいくらでも出来る道が保証されているから。スイスの直接民主制度は政治家や官僚にとっては決してやり易い制度ではなさそうだが、最終的には国民が決めた結果だ、と言い逃れも出来る。つまり、国政とは制度そのものを云々するよりも、制度運用の仕方、見守り方がより肝要という事に行き着くように思う。作った仏に魂を入れ続けると言う事だ。国民の側は、作られた制度を見守り続ける事で、自分達の権利を守り、責任も果たせるという訳だ。いずれにしても、余剰金の行方は更なる紆余曲折を避けて決定された。そしてついに2月25日、国立銀行と財務省は4月29日に定例株主総会を開いて売却益を今年5月から10週間かけて州への割り当て分140億スイスフランの内8分の5は住民に、そして8分の3は州の財政補填に分配すると表明した。残された懸案は、今後発生する余剰金の売却益をどう使うか、その行方を見守る事になろう。
□━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━【 English 】━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━□
Whereabouts of the excessive gold reserve
Akiko
Huerlimann
Before the Tsunami disaster
occurred in the
waters off Sumatra based on an earthquake the end of last year, one of the
hottest issues in the Swiss media was how to allocate the surplus gold
reserves saved at the Swiss National Bank (SNB). For a nation or local
governments that suffer from a financial deficit, it is envious indeed to
learn from the story about the excess gold reserves. The question, how to
allocate the profit of the 1,300 tons of sold gold reserves, was a
nine-year-long dispute between the federal government and cantonal governments
since 1997. Even in Switzerland, it is not exceptional that both parties
face to financial difficulties; consequently a hard debate was led over the
bequest. Finally, during the last winter session of the federal parliament,
a possible way of allocating the gold reserves seemed to have been decided.
At that time, medias reported the headlines “Victory of cantons”. The
parliament decided that the amount of SFr. 2,100 billions should be
distributed by two-thirds to cantonal governments and by one-third to the
Federal government.
The
reason why I mentioned, “a possible way of allocating the gold reserves
seemed to have been decided” was, that there is a conditional clause that
the decision has to be approved by the cabinet. In the very beginning of
the new year, cantonal governments impatiently waited for a final decision
and they held meetings so called KdK; they called on the Federal government
for the immediate distribution of the excess gold reserves. It is said that
19.1% of all the cantons’ deficits could be covered by the surplus gold
reserves at the SNB. It’s however not enough to cover the entire deficit of
many cantons, but for the meantime, it gives them a little breathing space.
On another front, in Switzerland too, the problems of an aging society
became serious causing a considerable deficit at the AHV-fund; so there is
the opinion that the gold reserves should be used to cover the deficit in
the state pension fund called AHV. For that reason, the Federal Government
is not in a comfortable position to distribute the capital. A current trend
regarding to retirement is to increase the retirement age or even abolish
it; comprehensive solutions have to be examined such as cutting pension
benefits, rising the value added tax (VAT), or injecting parts of the
excess gold reserves. Therefore the Federal government has also expressed
the idea that, at first, only the profit of the surplus from the sold ingot
gold bars should be allocated to the cantons. Major media expressed that
the federal government’s intention was wise, and a majority of Cantons as
well as middle of road parties also welcomed the Government’s idea.
Now, let me briefly explain about the state
pension fund system in Switzerland. Old-age, impaired and survivor’s
pension, called AHV, was in forced into a Federal Law in the year 1948;
since then, the system was maintained by the Federal Government, and
cantonal governments held the executive organization of the state fund. The
pension fund consists of three foundations; 1) The Federal Pension
Foundation is for the national civil servant personnel and foreigners. 2) The Cantonal and local governments Pension
Foundation. 3) The Industry-Classified Pension Foundation. Assigned to the
latter two pensions funds are employees, self-employed, and not working
people. People over the age of 18 years with a regular vocation, or not
working people over the age of 21 years have to join the system compulsory.
If you join once, you get a life-long AHV ID-number, and this number has to
be mentioned also on the tax declaration, or it is accompanied at many
official documents. The AHV ID-number shows the industrial category of your
working-place. A short digression, in Japan, there has been a discussion
for a long time regarding to a taxpayer’s number whether it should be
introduced or not. The income of the salaried worker in Japan is fully
transparent, therefore the tax collection and the premium payments for the
pension fund is merciless and deducted automatically from the workers
salary. On the other hand, the income tax evasion by self-employed and not
contributing people to the pension system has been neglected for ages. In
order to solve such unfairness, a kind of identification number system for
taxpayers should be introduced in Japan too.
Let’s go back to the theme of excess gold
reserves in Switzerland. There is a factor that makes the matter even more
complicated. SP (socialist party) National parliament members from Basle
have started a Citizen-Initiative campaign with the slogan of "National
Bank's profit for the AHV", and the right wing Swiss People’s Party
(SVP) aims also to allocate the gold reserves to the almost empty AHV fund
in order to secure its revenue. Therefore, the press finally commented
"will left and right join hands for Gold?" So that means, if the
SVP-party cooperates with the SP initiative, they can bring the judgment
regarding to the gold matter into a national referendum. Once this movement
is started, the gold matter will be stacked at least up to November of this
year. So, the present report regarding to the gold matter has to stop at
that point for the time being. Soon afterwards, when I had made already a
hasty change regarding to the order of the release the present mail
magazine, there was new movement in the gold matter. February 2, the
Federal government accepted a request by cantons and the upper parliament
(state parliament); the Federal authorities then made the final decision
for an immediate distribution of the gold reserves. The Federal Government
is able to inject a third of the capital to the AHV that would collapse if
it were neglected further. However, Finance Minister Merz said, "at
the latest, we should start discussing the matter with the Swiss National
Bank, after taking the necessary procedure; the fund will be distributed
around beginning the of 2006." Some cantonal government officials
expressed backlash against such a leisurely procedure and calling it
bureaucratic. But the cabinet thought that there were no better solution,
and made a quick decision.
<Elimination
of the budget deficit ratio by the allotment to each canton>
Ranking
|
Canton
|
Canton in full name
|
Debt in
|
Allotment
|
Ratio
|
|
|
|
Mio SFr
|
in Mio SFr
|
|
1
|
AR
|
Appenzell-Ausserrhoden
|
120
|
123
|
103%
|
2
|
AI
|
Appenzell-Innerrhoden
|
34
|
32
|
94%
|
3
|
OW
|
Obwalden
|
198
|
134
|
68%
|
4
|
FR
|
Freiburg / Fribourg
|
1,113
|
753
|
68%
|
5
|
SZ
|
Schwyz
|
379
|
188
|
50%
|
6
|
SG
|
St. Gallen
|
1,754
|
843
|
48%
|
7
|
AG
|
Aargau
|
1,769
|
837
|
47%
|
8
|
VS
|
Valais/Wallis
|
2,488
|
1,150
|
46%
|
9
|
UR
|
Uri
|
214
|
95
|
44%
|
10
|
JU
|
Jura
|
610
|
259
|
42%
|
11
|
GR
|
Graubünden
|
1,098
|
434
|
40%
|
12
|
TI
|
Ticino / Tessin
|
1,603
|
554
|
35%
|
13
|
TG
|
Thurgau
|
1,279
|
426
|
33%
|
14
|
SO
|
Solothurn
|
1,428
|
472
|
33%
|
15
|
ZG
|
Zug
|
409
|
123
|
30%
|
16
|
GL
|
Glarus
|
249
|
73
|
29%
|
17
|
SH
|
Schaffhausen
|
400
|
116
|
29%
|
18
|
LU
|
Luzern
|
2,854
|
800
|
28%
|
19
|
BE
|
Bern
|
10,050
|
2,341
|
23%
|
20
|
NE
|
Neuchâtel/Neuenburg
|
1,854
|
423
|
23%
|
21
|
NW
|
Nidwalden
|
241
|
51
|
21%
|
22
|
ZH
|
Zürich
|
9,256
|
1,589
|
17%
|
23
|
BL
|
Basel-Landschaft
|
3,037
|
371
|
12%
|
24
|
VD
|
Vaud /Waadt
|
10,625
|
1,041
|
10%
|
25
|
BS
|
Basel-Stadt
|
4,956
|
235
|
5%
|
26
|
GE
|
Geneva
|
19,902
|
537
|
3%
|
|
|
Total
|
77,920
|
14,000
|
|
(Source: Federal Ministry of Finance)
How much the cantons’ financial deficit
can be compensated by the allotment of excess gold reserves, you can infer
from the debt table (see at website version). Roughly said, the financial
situation in rural areas is healthier, but on the other hand, big cities’
face more financial difficulties. Many people are against the idea of
rising the payable pension age and many people got angry about the idea of
cutting pensions. But on another front, most people understand that raising
the ratio of VAT is necessary in order to cover the social welfare fund
because we cannot resist the trend of the times. People do not just resist
for the sake of resistance, and they have a sense of keeping both feet on
the ground for the decision-making. Anyway, a system amendment is assured
by initiative at anytime to the people. The Swiss direct democratic system
seems not always easy to handle for politicians or bureaucrats, but at the
end, they can dodge like people decided it. In fact, national politics not
only depends on the system itself, but rather also on the way of its
management; observation is more important. That’s means, have the form
and keep charging the spirit. On the people’s side, by observing the
system, they can keep their rights and owe their responsibilities. Anyhow,
the final port of the excess gold reserves was fixed for avoiding further
fractious process. Finally on the 25th of February 2005, the Swiss National
Bank and the Finance Ministry informed, that the regular general
shareholder meeting of the SNB were scheduled for April 29, and that the
distribution of the profit from the gold reserves should start from coming
May taking about ten weeks. Five-eighths will go to inhabitants and
three-eighths is for covering canton’s financial deficit out of 14 billion
SFr. The outstanding issue is, how to spend future possible excess gold
profit, and watching the decision procedure.
□━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━□
[ Writer / 筆者紹介 ]
明子 ヒューリマン / Akiko Hürlimann: jp-Swiss-journal
http://mypage.bluewin.ch/japinch/jp-swiss-journal/ah.htm
□━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━□
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with global view as a multi lingual magazine. Irregular release:
Issuing schedule will be informed by Weekly Swiss News Headlines.
Please subscribe both mail magazines. Some amendment can be made later.
スイスと日本を基点にグローバルな視点で、ニュース性に重点を置きながら、
適宜日英独仏語の多言語でお届けします。不定期発行: 発行案内はWeekly
Swiss News Headlines からも随時お知らせしますので、両誌共にご愛読お願
い致します。 後日修正が加えられる場合があります。
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┃【 jp-Swiss-journal 】 Number of readers: 445
★
Mag2:
http://www.mag2.com/m/0000044048.htm
★ E-Magazine: http://www.emaga.com/info/jpchjrnl.html
(J)
★
Melma:
http://www.melma.com/ ID m00041022
★
Kapuraito:
http://cgi.kapu.biglobe.ne.jp/m/7541.html
★
Melonpan:
┃ http://www.melonpan.net/melonpa/mag-detail.php?mag_id=002537
★ Merumaga Tengoku: http://melten.com/m/17845.html
(J) etc.
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☆ If you wish to refer our text, please send
your mail to the issuer for permission.
無断転載・転送は固くお断り致します。掲載のお問い合わせは発行元までメールでお願いします。
☆ Your
comment is always very welcomed and can be presented on this mail magazine.
御意見、御感想等をお待ちしております。お寄せ頂いたコメントは本誌掲載の可能性があります。jp-swiss-journal@bluewin.ch
☆ Issuer /
発行元: the editors'
Group of jp-Swiss-journal
Editor & web-master: Akiko Hurlimann
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┃ Sister Mail Magazine:
┃ 【Weekly Swiss News Headlines】 Number of readers: 1,600
┃ Subscribe & Unsubscribe / 登録・解除・アドレス変更
★
Mag2:
http://www.mag2.com/m/0000025024.htm
(J)
★ Melonpan:
┃ http://www.melonpan.net/melonpa/mag-detail.php?mag_id=002526
(J)
★ E-Magazine: http://www.emaga.com/info/chnews.html
(J)
★
Melma:
http://www.melma.com/ (J) ID 00040438
★
Kapuraito:
http://cgi.kapu.biglobe.ne.jp/m/7539.html
(J)
★ Macky: http://macky.nifty.com/cgi-bin/bndisp.cgi?M-ID=swissnews (J) etc.
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